Linus Commands – Firstly, Linux is the most renowned and mostly used open source operating system.
As an operating system, Linux is software that sits underneath all of the other software on a computer, receiving requests from those programs and relaying these requests to the computer’s hardware.
Linux as an operating system was first released in 1991 and since then, it has continued to gain popularity due to its open-source nature.
It allows people to freely modify, manipulate and redistribute it under their own name.
Most programmers consider Linux to be a complicated aspect of web development but it is not as scary as it is perceived.
In this article, we have compiled over 70 Linux commands to make your learning and practice easier for your next startup.
Basic Linux commands
1. → ls-al
This command basically lists files and directories with detailed information like permissions,size, owner, etc.
2. → ls
This command lists all files and directories in the present working directory
3.→ ls-R
This command lists files in sub-directories
4 ls-a
This command also helps to list hidden files.
5. → cd or cd ~
It is used to navigate to HOME directory
6→ cd ..
It is used to move one level up
7. → cd
It is used to change to a particular directory
8.→ cd /
This command is used to move to the root directory
9.→ cat > filename
Creates a new file
10.→ cat filename
Displays the file content
11→ cat file1 file2 > file3
Joins two files (file1, file2) and stores the output in a new file (file3)
12.→ mv file “new file path”
Moves the files to the new location
13.→ mv filename new_file_name
Renames the file to a new filename
14. → sudo
Allows regular users to run programs with the security privileges of the superuser or root
15.→ rm filename
Used to deletes a file
16.→ man
Gives help information on a command
17. → history
Gives a list of all past commands typed in the current terminal session
18. → clear:
Clears the terminal
19.→ mkdir directory_name
Creates a new directory in the present working directory or an at the specified path
20.→ rmdir
Deletes a directory
21.→ mv
Renames a directory
22.→ pr -x
Divides the file into x columns
23.→ pr -h
Assigns a header to the file
24.→ pr -n
Denotes the file with Line Numbers
25.→ lp -nc , lpr c
Prints “c” copies of the File
26.→ lp-d lp-P
Specifies name of the printer
27.→ apt-get
Command used to install and update packages
28.→ mail -s ‘subject’ -c ‘cc-address’ -b ‘bcc-address’ ‘to-address’
Command to send email
29.→ mail -s “Subject” to-address < Filename
Command to send an email with an attachment
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Hardware commands
30.→ dmesg
Displays bootup messages
31. → cat /proc/cpuinfo
Displays more information about CPU e.g model, model name, cores, vendor id
32. → cat /proc/meminfo
Displays more information about hardware memory e.g. Total and Free memory
33.→ lshw
Displays information about system’s hardware configuration
34.→ lsblk
Displays block devices related information
35. → free -m
Displays free and used memory in the system (-m flag indicates memory in MB)
36. → lspci -tv
Displays PCI devices in a tree-like diagram
37. → lsusb -tv
Displays USB devices in a tree-like diagram
38. → dmidecode
Displays hardware information from the BIOS
39. → hdparm -i /dev/xda
Displays information about disk data
40.→ hdparm -tT /dev/xda <:code>
Conducts a read speed test on device xda
File Permission commands
41.→ ls-l
Used to show file type and access permission
42.→ r:
read permission
43.→ w:
write permission
44.→ x:
execute permission
45. → Chown user:
For changing the ownership of a file/directory
Network command
46. → SSH username @ ip-address or hostname:
login into a remote Linux machine using SSH
47. → Ping hostname=”” or =””
To ping and Analyzing network and host connections
48. → dir
Display files in the current directory of a remote computer
49. → cd “dirname”
Change directory to “dirname” on a remote computer
50. → put file
upload ‘file’ from local to remote computer
51. → get file
Download ‘file’ from remote to local computer
52. → ip addr show
Displays IP addresses and all the network interfaces
53. → ifconfig
Displays IP addresses of all network interfaces
54.→ ping host
ping command sends an ICMP echo request to establish a connection to server / PC
55. → whois domain
Retrieves more information about a domain name
56. → dig domain
Retrieves DNS information about the domain
57. → dig -x host
Performs reverse lookup on a domain
58.→ host google. com
Performs an IP lookup for the domain name
59. → hostname -i
Displays local IP address
60. → wget file_name:
Downloads a file from an online source
61. → netstat -pnltu
Displays all active listening ports
62. → quit Logout
Environment Variables command
63. → echo $VARIABLE
To display value of a variable
64. → env
Displays all environment variables
65. → VARIABLE_NAME= variable_value
Create a new variable
66.→ Unset
Remove a variable
67. → export Variable=value
To set value of an environment variable
User management commands of linux
70. → sudo adduser username
To add a new user to your current Linux machine
71→ sudo deluser ‘username’
This deluser removes a user from a specific group.
72→ finger:
This command gives information on all logged in user
